The Dark Side of the Force: When computer simulations lead us astray and "model think" narrows our imagination. (revised version, October 2006)

Eckhart Arnold

1 Introduction
2 Different aims of computer simulations in science
3 Criteria for explanatory simulations
4 Examples of Failure: Axelrod style simulations of the “evolution of cooperation”
5 Conclusion
Bibliography

Bibliography

  1. (Ashworth:1980) Ashworth, Tony. 1980. Trench Warfare 1914-1918. The Live and Let Live System. MacMillan Press Ltd.
  2. (Axelrod:1984) Axelrod, Robert. 1984. Die Evolution der Kooperation. deutsche Übersetzung, 5. auflage (2000) ed. R. Oldenbourg Verlag.
  3. (Axelrod/Dambrosio:1994) Axelrod, Robert and Lisa D'Ambrosio. 1994. Annotated Bibliography on the Evolution of Cooperation. Center for the Study of Complex Systems; University of Michigan. www.cscs.umich.edu/RESEARCH/Evol_of_Coop_Bibliography.html
  4. (Binmore:1994) Binmore, Ken. 1994. Game Theory and the Social Contract I. Playing Fair. Fourth printing (2000) ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts / London, England: MIT Press.
  5. (Binmore:1998) Binmore, Ken. 1998. Game Theory and the Social Contract II. Just Playing. Cambridge, Massachusetts / London, England: MIT Press.
  6. (Dugatkin:1997) Dugatkin, Lee Alan. 1997. Cooperation among Animals. Oxford University Press.
  7. (Hammerstein:2003) Hammerstein, Peter, ed. 2003. Genetic and Cultural Evolution. Cambridge, Massachusetts / London, England: MIT Press in cooperation with Dahlem University Press.
  8. (Milinski:1987) Milinski, Manfred. 1987. “TIT FOR TAT in sticklebacks and the evolution of cooperation.” nature 325, January:433-435.
  9. (Milinski/Parker:1997) Milinski, Manfred and Geoffrey A. Parker. 1997. “Cooperation under predation risk: a data-based ESS analysis.” Proceedings of the Royal Society 264:1239-1247.
  10. (Schuessler:1997) Schüßler, Rudolf. 1990. Kooperation unter Egoisten: Vier Dilemmata. 2. auflage (1997) ed. München: R. Oldenbourg Verlag.

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