Examples from Biology?

• Large number of simulation studies (triggered by Axelrod's and Hamilton's work)

• But: No empirical examples in biology where any of these simulations could be applied (Dugatkin: Cooperation among Animals, 1997)

• “A look at the best known examples of reciprocity shows that simple models of repeated games do not properly reflect the natural circumstances under which evolution takes place. Most repeated animal interactions do not even correspond to repeated games.” (Hammerstein, 2003)